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Keywords: Taenia solium , Taenia saginata , cysticercosis, zoonotic disease, neglected tropical diseases. Introduction Human taeniasis is a parasitic infection caused by tapeworms of the family Taeniidae subclass Eucestoda, order Cyclophyllidea.
Global distribution of human taeniasis Valid epidemiological data are scarce for all Taenia species, with many studies failing to differentiate between species. Diagnosis of human taeniasis Traditional diagnosis of adult Taenia carriers relies upon direct microscopy of expelled eggs in feces, with or without prior concentration, such as in formal ether. Treatment of human taeniasis Infections with the adult stage of Taenia spp. Control strategies for human taeniasis Preventative chemotherapy PC in humans Treatment of taeniasis as a strategy to control the parasite burden in a target population is known as PC and can be implemented in three ways.
Open in a separate window. Vaccination and anthelmintic treatment of the porcine or bovine host Vaccines have been developed against the larval infection of T. Meat hygiene Meat hygiene, achieved through stringent inspection and correct processing or cooking, is fundamental to the prevention of human infection with Taenia spp. Sanitation Key to the propagation of the Taenia lifecycle is the contact between the intermediate hosts cattle, pigs and human fecal material containing infective eggs.
Multi-host interventions via a one health approach to control As a zoonotic disease, there are great opportunities to tackle both T. Conclusion This review highlights a number of important aspects around the prevention and management of human taeniasis, examining key opportunities and challenges of current diagnostic and therapeutic tools for control.
Footnotes Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. References 1. Taenia solium cysticercosis. Tembo A, Craig P. Taenia saginata taeniosis: copro-antigen time-course in a voluntary self-infection. J Helminthol. In: Cysticercosis and taeniosis: Taenia solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Taenia saginata : a rare cause of gall bladder perforation.
Case Rep Surg. Appendicular taeniasis presenting as acute appendicitis a report of two cases with review of literature. Int J Health Sci Res. Atef M, Emna T. A rare cause of intestinal obstruction. J Clin Case Rep.
Taeniasis related frequent intestinal obstruction: case report and mini-review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol Res. Disability-adjusted life years DALYs for diseases and injuries in 21 regions, — a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study A systematic review of the frequency of neurocysticercosis with a focus on people with epilepsy.
Active epilepsy as an index of burden of neurocysticercosis in Vellore district, India. Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, a data synthesis. PLoS Med. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Taenia asiatica : a systematic review.
Parasit Vectors. Taenia solium in Europe: still endemic? Acta Trop. Epidemiology and management of cysticercosis and Taenia solium taeniasis in Europe, systematic review — PLoS One. Public health implications of cysticercosis acquired in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. Taenia solium human cysticercosis: a systematic review of seroepidemiological data from endemic zones around the world.
Dorny P, Praet N. Taenia saginata in Europe. Vet Parasitol. Howell J, Brown G. Gastrointestinal: beef tapeworm Taenia saginata J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Field trial of the coproantigen-based diagnosis of Taenia solium taeniasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Trop Med Int Health. Coproantigens in taeniasis and echinococcosis.
Parasitol Int. Development of a serologic assay to detect Taenia solium taeniasis. Immunodiagnostic tools for taeniasis. Immunodiagnosis of taeniasis by coproantigen detection.
Nested PCR for specific diagnosis of Taenia solium taeniasis. J Clin Microbiol. Characterization, cloning, and expression of two diagnostic antigens for Taenia solium tapeworm infection. J Parasitol. Development of an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot EITB assay using two baculovirus expressed recombinant antigens for diagnosis of Taenia solium taeniasis. Praziquantel: a major advance in anthelminthic therapy.
Ann Intern Med. Niclosamide therapy for tapeworm infections. Tribendimidine and albendazole for treating soil-transmitted helminths, strongyloides stercoralis and Taenia spp.
Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp. Int J Parasitol. The control of human neuro cysticercosis: which way forward? Economic implications of three strategies for the control of taeniasis.
Neurocysticercosis: regional status, epidemiology, impact and control measures in the Americas. Effect of repeated mass drug administration with praziquantel and track and treat of taeniosis cases on the prevalence of taeniosis in Taenia solium endemic rural communities of Tanzania. Sotelo J, Jung H. Pharmacokinetic optimisation of the treatment of neurocysticercosis. Clin Pharmacokinet. Pawlowski ZS. Role of chemotherapy of taeniasis in prevention of neurocysticercosis.
Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: theoretical and operational aspects. Proposal of diagnostic criteria for human cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis. Affiliations 1 author 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Abstract Most diagnostic work conducted on the Taenia species zoonoses has been carried out on the larval stage of Taenia solium in man, reflecting the relative severity of the pathology caused by this stage of that organism.
This review will, however, concentrate on the immunodiagnosis of the adult intestinal stages of these parasites in humans. Diagnosis of T. In addition both classical and molecular approaches to diagnosis will be briefly covered. There have been a number of advances in immunodiagnosis of taeniasis over recent years that have improved both diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.
Techniques for the detection of Taenia specific coproantigens in human taeniasis infections have been shown to more than double the numbers of T. More recently, work on the serological diagnosis of T.
Work is ongoing to further improve these assays. Full text links Read article at publisher's site DOI : References Articles referenced by this article 50 Coproantigens in gut tapeworm infections: Hymenolepis diminuta in rats.
Partial characterization and time course analysis of Hymenolepis diminuta coproantigens. Immunodiagnosis of taeniasis by coproantigen detection. Sexual development of Taenia solium in hamsters. Coproantigen detection for immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis and taeniasis in dogs and humans.
Epidemiology of intestinal taeniasis in four, rural, Guatemalan communities. Field trial of the coproantigen-based diagnosis of Taenia solium taeniasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Az echinococcis szerodiagnoztikajanak kerderehez Babos Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja Immunological studies in human parasitic infestation. Intradermal testing with parasitic extracts as an aid to the diagnosis of parasitic infestation Brunner J. Show 10 more references 10 of Smart citations by scite.
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Explore citation contexts and check if this article has been supported or disputed. Validation of a spatial agent-based model for Taenia solium transmission "CystiAgent" against a large prospective trial of control strategies in northern Peru.
Historical perspective: The British contribution to the understanding of neurocysticercosis. Similar Articles To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation.
Coproantigens in taeniasis and echinococcosis. Additionally, the eggs are highly resistant to environmental conditions, remaining viable for up to 8 months or more in warm and humid climates [ 4 ].
Another strong limitation is the lack of an effective multi-sectorial approach, including public health, animal health and environment [ 72 ]. Finally, the epidemiological data obtained on T. Towards this direction a computer-based T. Cutting off the life cycle of T. Pig-rearing conditions are believed to be the main risk factor for T. Even though the free-roaming system offers an economic advantage to breeders of smallholder pig farms in non-industrialized rearing conditions, pigs should be kept indoors without any contact with human feces [ 75 ].
Another approach for tight control of the disease is meat inspection in order to condemn infected carcasses or treat them accordingly i. In the same frame, people must be educated to consume only well cooked pork meat [ 77 ]. Broader control strategies for developing countries may include massive and sustained chemotherapy for humans, using praziquantel, niclosamide or albendazole [ 5 , 78 , 79 ].
Notably, commercialized chemotherapy of pigs with a single dose of oxfendazole has been shown to treat porcine T. Another attractive option is the vaccination of pigs and cattle against T. In contrast to cattle immunization, which is less important and not yet commercialized, pig immunization, using recombinant antigens, has attracted interest and demonstrated diverse degrees of protection [ 5 , 82 ].
The TSOL18 vaccine has proven to be very effective under controlled field trials, since two doses induce almost complete protection against the development of parasites in all vaccinated pigs [ 85 ].
TSOL18 vaccine is now being commercialized and further tested under natural conditions of transmission [ 5 ]. However, the need for at least 2 doses and cold chain, and the setting up of a distribution network might hamper the implementation. Overall, it should be stressed that to reach a substantial and sustained reduction of transmission and morbidity, multiple tools will have to be combined for a long period [ 5 ]. Further research is needed to lead to the development of more effective tools for diagnosis.
Advanced immunological and molecular markers are the baseline for modern diagnostics and should be combined with the analysis of spatial patterns of distribution for evidence-based control. Additionally, future studies should attempt to determine whether immune system differences due to genetic diversity among human populations European, African, American and Asian affect the clinical outcome of the disease.
Towards control of these zoonoses, we have to clarify the exact risk factors and their distribution in space and time. This can be achieved by integrating human and animal epidemiology with parasite ecology and host behavior.
Strategies such as the One Health concept and cooperation through public and private partnerships play a crucial role in ensuring that the global control is improving. Another important aspect is the relevant education of health professionals, so that cases of taeniasis and NCC are diagnosed and managed in a correct way, thus decreasing their impact on public health.
A major hope resides in the genomes and the transcriptomes of tapeworms, which have recently been revealed. Next-generation sequencing and computational analysis can provide research-based evidence towards evolutionary biology, host—parasite relationship and immunomodulation.
Furthermore, this solid molecular basis will provide insights into identification of key excretory—secretory proteins to advance the fields of diagnosis, vaccination, and therapy.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Ann Gastroenterol v. Ann Gastroenterol. Published online Apr Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Nov 29; Accepted Jan This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Taenia saginata T. Mode of infection Humans can become infected with T. Open in a separate window.
Figure 1. Figure 2. Main clinical manifestations Infection with adult Taenia spp. Diagnostic approaches Because of the very different disease potentials of the two Taenia species, i. Treatment NCC management can be challenging; it requires a multidisciplinary team, including neurologists, radiologists, parasitologists, etc. Control of cysticercosis Although many attempts have been made, eradication of this zoonosis is difficult and has been fully achieved only in few countries [ 9 ].
References 1. Recent advances and perspectives in molecular epidemiology of Taenia solium cysticercosis. Infect Genet Evol. Fabiani S, Bruschi F. Neurocysticercosis in Europe: still a public health concern not only for imported cases.
Acta Trop. Del BOH. Neurocysticercosis in Western Europe: a re-emerging disease? Acta Neurol Belg. Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with special emphasis on Taenia solium. Human taeniasis: current insights into prevention and management strategies in endemic countries. Risk Manag Healthc Policy.
Human Taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia. Hoberg EP. Taenia tapeworms: their biology, evolution and socioeconomic significance. Microbes Infect. Brain cysticercosis. Arch Med Res. Taenia solium cysticercosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Managing neurocysticercosis: challenges and solutions. Int J Gen Med. Phylogeny of Taenia : Species definitions and origins of human parasites. Parasitol Int.
Advances in diagnosis and spatial analysis of cysticercosis and taeniasis. Dorny P, Praet N. Taenia saginata in Europe. Vet Parasitol. Have foodborne parasites finally become a global concern? Trends Parasitol. Impacts of globalisation on foodborne parasites. Yoshino K. On the subjective symptoms caused by the parasitism of Taenia solium and its development in man.
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